Notes and References Social Conflict in England George Kurien, France in the World Educational Encyclopaedia, Dr. la Delhi, 1998, John, The Politics of Educational Reforms in France 5. 1838, vide a nos jours. imprimerie moderne, p. 9. 8. Missions appendices p.349. pp. Contemporary Europe Since Ordonnance of of 24 July 29th July 1897, pp.301-309. 15th January 1907, p. 188. candidates were awarded Diplomas which authorised them practise medicine French establishments Medicine were started Technical Education termed as Technical an elementary and practical course for required by in industrial and crafts like weaving and which was organized to train of indigent starting (Polytechnic Institution) started France after French Revolution played the technical education Subsequently, the French administration study of this the development of Christian missionaries, the French administra- tion which was its beginning stage after their arrival .They couldn't pursue scale due to the troubled atmosphere press established during this time gathered slowly about the French freedom given to the French is secondary levels started catered to the needs to some extent. Professional had also beginning during the model of Even those few had acquired and built their houses, place more a winter resort or furthering their career. those members to treat Pondicherry merely as out post to facilitate the growth of their trade and commerce. Lying scattered vast British Empire their isolation and their economic depen- social and cultural affinity with the community neighbouring Indian responsible for the spread French education. started as the year of French found inadequate to cope health in all the establishments. Hence the administration to train the surgeons cially during epidemics. This. administration thought that would put prevalent quakery. must he noted that establishment of school, natives were trained (other wise rendering medical people. Some were trained tors or to be work. Official was granted to the school at the Beaujean, April 1863. then, several reforms carried out school with a view to attracting intelligent young to this medical officers after hospital had to sit an examination. Successful Professional Education With peace the territory economic progress rise to new the French possessions. Moreover the secondary education offered opportunities for may be traced to the the The authorised to a course course which the judi- and open to all. awarded a Cer- Proficiency known the course dis continued years. was revived in courses were Although the French Indian administration far more importance education only those ministration and wishing to fraternity of lawyers, teachers vants were and their never very large. geographical location of the French establishments rapid growth not be one Mon. Goubert advocate was a upper primary school for girls in Few months ary voluntary organisation started Pondicherry is reported to have provided comprehensive educational reform based the recommendations Public Instruction. Victor Duruy a historian, liberal, anti one of the farsighted edu- cational reformers Duruy's vision educational system, providing Free, Compulsory Education for the masses a Secondary that recognised the needs the life However ,the steps were taken towards these objec- tives and towards the expansion of educational facilities time, clerical control over secondary was reduced." Teacher Training certain other colonies of France early as in introduced in the colonies unless the candidate passed a qualifying requirement to for a France was abolished and half boarders must taking them out and bringing them back. students must know opened in the morning and closed day scholars contact with start from from 15th February and shorts students of College are mentioned in the articles of the decree of Thus the and regulations student, both boarders scholars where clearly with learning and a free primary school French and Telugu. 10 November 1849, the sisters of St were authorised to start a free Law of known as general sec- students to must also submit the marks the weekly class. They must be compostion and giving marks the students. First place place, Third place, Fourth place given with for the ordinary Kneeling down, Prohibiting one part or recreation, imposi- dessert, preventing 2h Students affected contageous diseases placed in a seperate room to prevent the disease spreading. No students allowed to affected students. Thursdays of month, students well and merit in out only the morning the evening. Euripides, Latin narration, French Narration, Latin poem, History, Literature, Dcmosthenes, Sophoclcs, Speech, Latin Poems, French and moral. Special Courses: days Malabari and Hindustani Languages. and Saturdays from 5 to and Hindustani can from 5th Monday, Wednesday the evening a note on Latin grammar, French grammar, spelling, grammatical and logical analysis, writing, Geography, memory test, analysis, moral science Latin and French writings ,Mythol- ,History, beginning of the virus, Latin analysis, memory grammars, Geography, ings, Precis writing, Mythology, Greek, French analysis, History and memory Latin, French Grammar, History, Geography, Spellings, tory, Precis writing, Greek composition and memory Latin, French and Greek grammars Greek historians poem, Prose, and memory tests. Latin, French and Greek Grammars. Ciceron, Virgile, selected Greek Latin poems, Latin prose, History and precis writing, Memory tests. Ciceron, Selected Greek Historians, Homar, to their classes. All leave the college leave only evening the those who follow and Hindustani classes and leave with scholar follow the of the half boarders. Religious teaching. First period. Moral Science is attended Second Period. All student and then submit notebooks. and Writing, French grammar of and Chapsal, spellings, gram- matical analysis, logical analysis, short version four rules of Mathematics. only those of the second division period. snacks and walking. remaining time like Thursday There are holidays like pancake Tuesdays. Friday and Regulation for half boarders from 7h church and to class. From the morning evening, they follow the same of the hostel students. At 6h in the to church prayer and reading, that they and Holidays: college to attend mass. They follow the regula- until At leave the college. the college and doing From 5h to From 6h From 7h .supper and prayer and sleep. From 10 From to From religious teaching. mid-day, study. and recreation. 2h 1/2 From 3h 1/2 to gardening and snacks. to go like ordinary Sundays and mass and teaching followed composition ,and recreation till to From 12h to 2h lunch and recreation. From 2h At 3h uniform and the student's The content is given hostel students are given food the college and scholars) can dine here. students have bread milk and tea. dinner, the and boarders have a soup, For dinner, the boarder have a curry, From 5h to 5h, 114, to After the prayer study 7h to 7h 112, breakfast and recreation. From 7h From 8h to From to From midday study. From mid day to lunch and From to 4h and recreation. rules are applicable to the private teachers. looting and others are against the articles offenders are case of defaulters, of imprisonment of days to one a fine of francs can to girls' institutions of remain under the come into effect from the date of publication. minister of marine is in the execution of the present ordinance. the Royal 1847 regulated the internal system of instruction for girls moral and religious, reading, French and needle higher primary education consists Article can having got new certificates for mary instruction or higher diplomas of secondary education. issued in council the governor, on the production several types: primary teaching: Diploma for headmaster. for each category will be based the subjects maintained the articles diplomas issued for exempt the teachers secondary schools others are valued only each institution. teachers must class at the stipulated time. In must inform It is forbidden to the teachers to receive any from the students. will be dealt with to the regular negligence or serious faults, the teachers for a month or without may be Article can on proposal of tions to the teachers. The free and Karaikal will be under local regu- lations. Schools given in the institution or Primary education Higher secondary education education consists moral and religious instruction, writing the French language, calculations, and the weights and measurements. main teaching of this free school is moral and religious reading, writing French language, Hindustani and and weights and the committee approved the governor committee, presents the nomi- and othcc will restrict the number of students will be other neces- Christian feasts, Hindu and Muslim observed according to their beliefs. punishments are the heads or assistants but the for the scholarships are the college scholarship are given only to the parents are unable the conditions pronounced in first and last para- graph of the article will be given full obtained will maintained till the end others scholarships are given only after or committee's For scholarships, the students must address to chief administrator, the opening of the school. free schools maintained by the at its must attain eight to Royal Students admitted must Medical certificate or a of vaccination. students (day boarders) must uniforms mentioned bag each student furnish will over while the bag college, his bag the other their notebooks for geog- raphy and drawing. serious complaint against will be suspended from and dismissed the governor or the com- teacher unless he was test and also to the article of the formalities are not necessary for governor nominates to the posts of professor headmaster and elemen- tary teacher. are under the control and cen- classes, the professors have full control their classes. professors and teachers be absented only any other thing legally recognised by functions of professors teachers are other salaried or particular industries. teachers are nominated under the master for the provisions necessary for the following year: supervision and the internal a censor is nominated the minister and placed under replace the headmaster in case of In case of or sickness of a professor, the replace him, without affecting the will be in charge supervise the recreations, will visit them every day their studies and can see one or these various activities are done the head- regular appointment of the minister of the marine and colonies. admitted for the post of a professor, headmaster or elementary chief doctor charge of internal administration and the account College are handed over the minister marine and colonies. visits the classes and convenes whenever nec- essary. can invite professor to obtain informations the situation necessary changes and progress Article chooses the parents are nate masters to their convenience, headmaster chooses the attendants part time will be of fees of headmaster, after Committee for Public Instruction, are stopped the chief the end and permanently by the governor at the end Article annual account exceeds, the excess amount can be given to the of the parents will be followed concern with lion of students religious instruction. the Royal College will be opinion of the Committee of Public Instruction. salaries of the professors will be paid special allocation. arts teachers paid partly the parents of dents. Article the other things other attendants, of keys, purchase of furniture and its change of the college. receive the day scholars. amount to be paid be fixed religious instruction a priest. and handed over to the governor for teaching of the consists of: and moral instruction, Reading and writing, Mathematical sciences, the applied chemistry A regulation Committee of Public Instruction, by the gover- committees will the education their sectors and give neces- instructions, reforms and the direction ing. Article committees every month the requirements of the school examinations to committee of the main office will give opinion on accounts of the college. Article committees will be consulted, I. On admission, expulsion the disbersal off the the continuation admission of teachers others without the esaminations. Article the examination committee consists of issued by the examination committee will be Chandemagore and at Royal Judge, messenger of other members are chosen, among the notables, parents and will be nnted by of Chief Administrator chiefs of service the secondary institutions cannot members power for three years, they will not take place the presentation of three delegated candidates for the committee send a list of In death, leave for more three months, after the presidents of will be the governor chief Administrator. Royal College, master will of the nominate five and the com- mittees of secondary institutions with three members. free primary the amount the institutions by others, conditions mentioned present Ordinance. These different and watched the Committees Public Instruction, are defined the following title: Committee of Public Instruction is of for Public Instruction consists nine mcmbers. are live mcmbcrs They are the legitimate mcmbers of the Committee of Public Instruction. of the committee Public Instruction consists of: President of the Royal Court. The priest, The mayor, The headmaster, college. control is declared the school of languages, and need a special Cluny that has been judged maintain until order under the actual regulations. This project is prepared carefully with instructions to Sir, this act where main ideas through these acts is to create and instructions to the categories of schools without differences of origin, to be to king-regarding the Public Instruction Seen the article of 24th April rules of the colony, continue to lated by Ordinance of the king the report our Minister and and orders is given possessions of India. the Royal College established at the free schools girls and the special boarding, created control of the government, each St Joseph of Cluny; regulations which are teaching) education without the lower very near to that of primary schools the divisions are given Shows the different types of schools affiliated the ordinary at Chander commissions of action has proper influence the directions and good into six is related It consists different branches studies, regulates the classification and the way of and the condition for the interviews for regular and scholarships studenls. Concerns about free schools. have been primary instructions other hand equally taken from the law that schools, rules second degree which is necessary for the students to enter the classes tenure. This ordinance will be published and registered of Administrators chief of service the secondary schools charge of one concerned, the execution of present order that will be published anywhere. the name Ministerial telegram and issue ordinance of September 1843 regarding teaching public schools Governor, following various branches of public teaching in our copy attached report to the king contains the titles and indicates views that followed the preparation. As see, the (project) has simplified on certain with the aim will receive from you with interest the account the disposi- that will confirmity have the honour to bring to your kind notice the Royal to organise the various of teaching our schools principal motives for this work is to bring to the linguistic position. also necessary at in all for proficiency period after 1843 was notable for 1844 the sisters of the Congregation of de Nevers opened Karaikal The Pondichcrry was also founded Secondary Education (Royal College) founded in the first establishment providing secondary education to the children It began languishing after some years and there dents in in the year remedy the tion, the college over to the 1848, the year which heralded the Second Republic France, the admission continued to be restricted to continued to function under them up to the year 1879. Only after 1879, natives were this institution is bearing the Ordinance of regarding public instruction the French establishments in India." of Royal Ordinance 30th September regarding Public September 1843 regarding the Public tion, is promulgated the French schools of India in its form and for similar bodies The of 1843 the teachers of Royal College to of 1843 entrusted to a committee of five the manage- and supervision of the free school thanks to of the local gov- la a he stated this testimony given on October 1843, fact that the arrangements which the natives that time. This significant transformation would taken place within course of days, after Ordinance was issued on September, 1843 would there for wrong to state the efforts made French Indian administration under Dupuy the Missionaries the Congregations and also other private agencies measure to evoke such a testimony. though the system the French study of languages was neglected. In fact ministration showing the greatest proficiency Tamil, Hindustani successful candidate eligible for prize money for proficiency for proficiency which rulers role whatsoever realm of education its entry both in France and Pondicherry, the did not witness any other significant about the Ordinance of 1843 was once a landmark turning point land mark was, because sought to niodcrnise education. was a turning to provide the came system the natives Pondicheny, as France. This was done with the view bringing about of the population through cducation. Moreover youngsters the native place or abroad be provided with an their counterparts provisions governing system of the primary level were drawn French law 1833 only a lapse of provided for in the Ordinance, Pondicherry, Karaikal, and Chandernagar. These Commissions of the administration and notables examined among things, the system education and recommended such reforms and provements as were deemed necessary. such Commissions was from France. superior sister an internal regulation and Rules which with other at her for the approval the Home director. indicate the nature of classes of education. distribution of of studies and interval rewards and punishments. of serious mistakes. and the home charge of execution of will be administrative deed, published registered wherever governor. The Commandant and home director. Fr. De SAINT-HILAIRE. activities of sisters of congregation was by the initiative of to devote education and instruction A branch convent was 1846 with theobjective of imparting education girls. Another school was opened 1854 also opened a free middle school opening a July 186 This application will be forwarded, with head sister to the will send per second paragraph mentioned official following documents enclosed with the application for certificate of girl. vaccination certificate. and the boarders admitted free of cost will the not be any school for A free school the direction the girls of do not work workshop of char- the choice head sister the application the article is found to the commandant and the educational comprises of language, catechism, reading, Arith- of a free of for the and which free of charge, to the boarding school the sisters de Cluny, not in position to the cost Appendix 2 October 1829 free of young while population the boarding school run the sisters of Saint Joseph young girls white population whose families could not pay the last notice dated February 1827, could the boarding, the sisters of Saint de Cluny.. with orphans. daughters of civil and military their application to head sister. teachers they must inform advance to the Director can be replaced all cases, salary will be reduced for their absence. students are provided with books, pens, ink and other things the class. Christian, Hindu and Muslim festivals arc holidays. 9. The schools are supported internally the treasury. It is prohibited for the teachers to insist or to receive reward, what- of dismissal and if such things happen. service will be regulated by us, later, on the proposition of activities of Sisters of the Cluny Some steps were also to pro- girls' education the establishments. 1820, Dessbassyns invited the Congregation of Cluny to Bourbon. The 1826 authorised to open Pondicherry where primary and upper primary education free school was later added thepensionnut. (This free school remained with them year 1903 it brought under secular opened a school for the benefit of the Karaikal in 1844 14 years alter their arrival. more school were opened for Europeans, another for caste Hindus and Eu pancou, Viconcomte General Ad- ministrator, French schools India enabling religions to the of the and to propagate, the knowledge French language becoming everyday less common among fixed and fixing what follows. Privy Council agrees. public school, where the .people of and all will learn to read, write in direction, the the police the schools account are to a school's supervi- three inspectors selected among most distin- and learned for French language for teaching. Besides a peon and attached to school for maintaining the police Inspectors are free. Students can the school afler the the Direc- refuse them in case take regularly the attendance and maintain which he every day, remarks their work and their he brings to the Director's notice. Students taking three days continuously without proper information the school and can are imposed the Inspectors and the Director also pronounces expulsion. as such on the basis of its location. It was located in the European quarters. It may therefore be assumed that it must primarily catered Karaikal and years hence the administration of Desbassyns was the Gover- for a two years 1 August 1828. education Secondary Edu- as well started to found that the by the the level of a its reorganization as and placed under University the issue 1826 creating for the purpose of the needs of children of Europeans was reorganized or less of the colleges France. This was approved subse- Ministerial by the ary benefit at Pondicherry and at Karaikal especially for the and Muslims. for starting these schools, the order dwindling popular- of the knowledge of the French language among the with the trade, especially the French ,there was a the natives to learn bearing creation at public school The content Missionary efforts field of activities of of congregation congregation of dc Gonzague was founded Fr. Michel to takc care of orphan children. years later 4th October 1758, the to be attached to called Sacred Heart South Boulevard year 1818 congregation sisters of theniselves serving of out now called administration spent primary edu- state of affairs the schools was from satisfactory even at this schools was two than in govcrnmcnt schools. state of discipline, private schools was also public schools. was the teaching write correctly even sisters of the of technical education the year 8 with a primary attached to also conducted a school for tailoring, meanwhile, the missionaries came to open Pondicherry, another Tamil and French and school in Pondicherry started in the year 1820 and was administrative appointments were published in what called the all laws, orders and administrations came to published under the available to subscribers. opinion. The same section was added to the press. year 1838 another significant the French Administration a Frenchman to start commercial affairs. authorisation was for starting a Tamil printing press to one bring out under the title vernacular journal to lished from Pondicherry. Only two years the mission was established Fr. Dupuis through the initiative was placed pioneered publication works 1850, a private printing presses be established in than ten printing presses were facilities all the presses. Some enterprising printers facilities for carrying out printing opera- English and Sanskrit besides All these factors be taken literacy and its impact on the local population. town may the then French Indian admin- to derive the benefit advancements made improve their cultural standard. a Public took shape only after ments to another 10 years for the various administrative establishments the nucleus this library in course with further additions through proper financial allocations the beginning open only to the natives and allowed only special authorisation. restriction was following the avowed realisation that the library essential means to acquire a functioning of the 15th September 1846. the people that they started evincing interest in affairs of the state. They were also increas- commerce, agriculture was in these circumstances the government press was various laws of public utility all important level education. Hence we level educational institutions. Secondary level education was imparted in or seminaries centered education institutions mostly attracted Christian students especially those all those joined the seminary however did reach of priesthood. noted that entering the seminary those days was considered aspiring for a respectable profession time was not free. the king of enlightened enough, thanks to the lessons learnt from the Revolution, to award six scholarships for the children hailing from poor families great devotion patronage extended French administration, the college the missionaries started guishing soon after for want able professors due to ment, especially because had to follow syllabus as prescribed the same time, private initiative in the field of education aged. One forward to start a school in Dupuy encouraged him with annual grant francs. This did not Leyrit soon origin of public been deale previous chapter. However during this further developments place. Further efforts were made facility to the of a library in the midst of all the which took civil administration. Not only administration but also other spheres received more attention, the field of education. that the France was the result of the which could wealth through over seas trade. the industrial revolution the time important developments were taking place in the of education in British India since the time of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Bramo Samajists of Bengal. Soon after the British the French administration to give some serious thought to of education of till this time, educa- remained the exclusive the missionaries. Comte Dupuy who its final the French, evinced keen promoting the education youth, although educational efforts had clean state, institutions run the French missionaries in these circumstances, missionaries to reopen their educational stitutions (It is referred to as means an institution education) There will be no need for secondary level institution in the absence of instruction to the Communes. the other hand kept under the of the Law of laid down that would bc given in special schools maintained the expense public treasury. is said that his reform of secondary education France was large measure a the offsprings printing press had its France. This was followed the Reforma- indirect impact education- encouraging the people to of the Counter Reformation the church also promoted in its fight 'heresy' and giving normal training to the According to Talbot to the principles of education Jesuits in Seventeenth Century. Revolution however had given teaching the curriculum. Napoleonic reforms France. The first decade Century period from 1802 to witnessed a number of important initiatives. the Secondary the the Higher Secondary Schools) and also the Special Schools. the teaching orders to their former But the system however showed clerical domina- tion over this education and his attempts to substitute the Napoleon's rise to power, elementary education imparted was once again placed the hands church. Neapoleon was however more in the Secondary Education (imparted institutions learning) especially with train the civil servants. Under his direction, was divided into a number each governed the Central Authority he was respon- sible to that authority on all matters concerning According to one scholar, Nepoleon's basic contribution was more on the administrative sphere than the educational the authority of national government to embrace every aspect activities through- out the country bring about unity. According to Chathrath, France used School education as an had on the other hand, a passion the creation of a men, unparnpered by ignorance. But his regime and loyal military officers, civil servants liberal professions. As he little interest uniform text books was prescribed throughout men of Revolution, from moderates like Talleyrand Saint-Just were the urgency and importance of formulating a national system did not should take shape. a successful orders. and subsequently an educational challenge to clerical domination over education.' However the revolution which suc- destroying the power exercised church over primary education with state control. Although the revolutionary regime could the sphere of primary education. the state proved incapable the responsibility. the midst invasion, civil and near bankruptcy which to snuff out the revolution France, the task of building educational system relegated to the background. In 1795 the placed educa- tion under establishment of one each in a It's many drawbacks including their and apparent anarchy however made very unpopular. nevertheless these confusing times Century, that most significant developments took place in the field of Under the ancien regime, primary education was almost entirely under the the Roman Catholic Church, there were a secular educa- tional institutions which were charging fees. This over institutions primary education founded upon over "material facilities and Moreover the church used the curricula for propagating its reli- gious doctrines. Although the clergy was privileged estate like This was resented to the growing and was of the the promotion of train useful citizens. This attitude anti clerical also shared the philosophers of the time. significant turning the rejection of the prevailing system education. There was the first time talk about "public education". revolution. In estimate more the male and more than percent of France was at that time illiterate. inculcation of the of nationalism was considered be the task at that uniform educational both in